The aircraft tell you
Every aeroplane broadcasts its identity, position, altitude and heading
several times a second on 1090 MHz, unencrypted, because that is how
collision avoidance works. It is meant to be heard.
A network of volunteers with cheap receivers listens and
publishes what it hears.
OpenSky and adsb.lol
Two open networks. OpenSky is a research consortium; adsb.lol
additionally flags aircraft on military registers, which is the amber layer
here.
Free, no key, no sign-up. Both are volunteer-run, so this
site caches their answers rather than asking once per visitor.
Globe to ground
The map starts as a globe and unrolls into a flat one as you come down, so
there is one continuous movement from the whole earth to a single taxiway
rather than two views with a jump between them.
Drawn with MapLibre GL, open source under a BSD licence.